1 00:01:05,050 --> 00:01:08,040 {We are the Yepâmasa people. 2 00:01:10,170 --> 00:01:12,110 {{We are the grandchildren of Doêthiro, 3 00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:15,090 {{the first man made by the creator of the Universe. 4 00:01:19,140 --> 00:01:22,040 {{All sacred chants and blessings 5 00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:24,200 {{were given to us by the creator of the universe. 6 00:01:26,150 --> 00:01:29,000 {Doêthiro, the first man, 7 00:01:29,010 --> 00:01:32,040 {came from the waters, 8 00:01:32,050 --> 00:01:34,020 {and we are his descendants. 9 00:01:36,180 --> 00:01:39,200 {{We arrived here with the big snake, 10 00:01:39,210 --> 00:01:42,200 {{the canoe that changed humanity. 11 00:01:42,210 --> 00:01:45,240 {We conquered the New World. 12 00:01:46,270 --> 00:01:49,230 {And we're still around. 13 00:01:55,030 --> 00:01:57,220 {We live in our territory. 14 00:01:59,010 --> 00:02:03,030 {{We feed our children with what we produce. 15 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:06,020 {{We educate them with our traditional knowledge 16 00:02:06,030 --> 00:02:08,270 {{and teach them to preserve Nature. 17 00:02:11,060 --> 00:02:15,220 {Our knowledge is ancient 18 00:02:15,230 --> 00:02:18,230 {and we own this land. 19 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:49,120 [The Amazon, 20 00:03:49,130 --> 00:03:53,000 [in the international scenery and in the tropical scenery, 21 00:03:53,010 --> 00:03:55,020 [is that last large area 22 00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:57,200 [of continuous forest on the planet. 23 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:06,020 [We are talking about 5 million km2, 24 00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:10,030 [an immense area accounting for 60% of the Brazilian territory. 25 00:04:14,180 --> 00:04:18,120 [The Amazon is about the size of the entire Western Europe. 26 00:04:18,130 --> 00:04:21,280 [Has a huge percentage of the planet´s biodiversity 27 00:04:21,290 --> 00:04:25,030 [And 20% of the world´s fresh water 28 00:04:28,020 --> 00:04:30,280 An Amazonian reality 29 00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:34,280 that often draws the attention 30 00:04:34,290 --> 00:04:38,080 of those who don't know the area 31 00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,240 is that the Amazon is not devoid of people. 32 00:04:42,250 --> 00:04:46,220 There are people living in the Amazon 33 00:04:46,230 --> 00:04:49,010 all over its area. 34 00:04:49,020 --> 00:04:51,020 There are people living on all its rivers; 35 00:04:51,030 --> 00:04:54,290 some have fewer people, some more. 36 00:05:12,060 --> 00:05:14,080 Why are you laughing? 37 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:31,000 How would you like to live? 38 00:05:41,200 --> 00:05:44,210 I was raised by the riverbank 39 00:05:44,220 --> 00:05:48,140 and I'd like to go on living like that. 40 00:06:05,050 --> 00:06:08,120 In general we can divide the conservation units 41 00:06:08,130 --> 00:06:10,150 into those allowing 42 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:14,150 the existence of human populations 43 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:17,070 and those that restrict the presence of humans. 44 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:21,040 For example, parks and ecological stations 45 00:06:21,050 --> 00:06:22,140 restrict the presence of humans. 46 00:06:22,150 --> 00:06:24,110 You can't live there. 47 00:06:28,050 --> 00:06:30,100 REVEX means extractive reserve, 48 00:06:30,110 --> 00:06:31,180 which is a place 49 00:06:31,190 --> 00:06:35,150 of environmental conservation 50 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:36,280 with people living there. 51 00:06:36,290 --> 00:06:38,270 There's a traditional population 52 00:06:38,280 --> 00:06:42,030 using the forest in a sustainable manner. 53 00:07:04,260 --> 00:07:06,120 We work with wood 54 00:07:06,130 --> 00:07:09,220 that's been lying around the forest for 20 or 30 years. 55 00:07:09,230 --> 00:07:12,100 It looks useless, 56 00:07:12,110 --> 00:07:17,190 but we go and get that wood, bring it here, 57 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:19,220 and process it. 58 00:07:21,090 --> 00:07:24,180 OficinasCaboclas are part of an effort to try to build 59 00:07:24,190 --> 00:07:28,120 a management system that is adequate 60 00:07:28,130 --> 00:07:30,150 to the conservation unit structure, 61 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:33,110 beginning the process that the forests, 62 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:35,220 in the different areas of their communities, 63 00:07:35,230 --> 00:07:39,150 can make up the family income. 64 00:07:46,170 --> 00:07:49,110 We work with the sucupira tree, 65 00:07:50,150 --> 00:07:52,120 the macaw palm. 66 00:07:53,270 --> 00:07:57,140 The yellow tonka bean and the black tonka bean. 67 00:07:57,150 --> 00:08:00,020 Golden and pink trumpet tree. 68 00:08:00,030 --> 00:08:01,260 And also the itauba tree. 69 00:08:01,270 --> 00:08:03,270 The muirapixuna tree. 70 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:08,060 The best days of my life 71 00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:10,060 are when I carve wood. 72 00:08:10,070 --> 00:08:11,190 I feel good. 73 00:08:13,110 --> 00:08:15,060 We find the tree, 74 00:08:15,070 --> 00:08:17,100 "We can shape this animal in this one." 75 00:08:17,110 --> 00:08:20,050 Some are harder, others are easier. 76 00:08:20,060 --> 00:08:26,060 Alligators are harder because of the details. 77 00:08:26,070 --> 00:08:28,190 Turtles are easy. 78 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,140 The sloth is easy. 79 00:08:31,150 --> 00:08:36,130 Armadillos are also hard because they have more details. 80 00:08:36,140 --> 00:08:40,070 When the exploitation was illegal, 81 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:44,140 one tree was sold for approximately 10 reais. 82 00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:49,200 Today this tree, with added value 83 00:08:49,210 --> 00:08:52,160 through the processes developed in the workshops, 84 00:08:52,170 --> 00:08:54,280 the tree is changed into craft 85 00:08:54,290 --> 00:08:57,200 and is worth 6,000 or 7,000 reais. 86 00:09:13,260 --> 00:09:16,100 The riverside population, 87 00:09:16,110 --> 00:09:20,250 born and raised in nature, 88 00:09:20,260 --> 00:09:22,270 learned to use its resources 89 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:27,010 for medicine, food, entertainment. 90 00:09:27,020 --> 00:09:29,010 Everything comes from nature. 91 00:09:29,020 --> 00:09:32,170 And in the populated areas, 92 00:09:32,180 --> 00:09:35,170 the forest is more preserved. 93 00:09:49,210 --> 00:09:53,020 I'm proud of living in a conservation area 94 00:09:53,030 --> 00:09:56,070 of 545,000 hectares. 95 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:58,060 I'm proud of it. 96 00:09:58,070 --> 00:10:01,070 I'm not the only one who lives off it. 97 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:03,180 Across the world people live 98 00:10:03,190 --> 00:10:06,160 by breathing the forest where I live. 99 00:11:25,100 --> 00:11:30,020 The Amazon ecosystems are generally characterized 100 00:11:30,030 --> 00:11:35,100 by a lot of forests and a lot of water. 101 00:11:35,110 --> 00:11:39,000 The two things are closely related. 102 00:11:39,010 --> 00:11:42,160 In addition, most of the forests 103 00:11:42,170 --> 00:11:45,130 grow on a soil, 104 00:11:45,140 --> 00:11:51,020 in terms of nutrients available for plants to grow, 105 00:11:51,030 --> 00:11:53,260 that is chemically poor. 106 00:11:57,180 --> 00:12:00,290 The Amazon is more fragile than it looks. 107 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:03,190 Flying over the Amazon, you think it's impossible 108 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:05,010 to destroy it. 109 00:12:05,020 --> 00:12:07,200 It's so large, it can't be! 110 00:12:09,060 --> 00:12:12,080 But every ecosystem has a point of no return, 111 00:12:12,090 --> 00:12:15,070 and if you take too much from it, 112 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:19,140 it is no longer self-regulated and gets into a negative spiral, 113 00:12:19,150 --> 00:12:21,160 destroying itself. 114 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,050 There wasn't any fish left in the river. 115 00:12:58,150 --> 00:13:01,150 They took everything. 116 00:13:18,220 --> 00:13:20,100 It's hard to hit the fish. 117 00:13:20,110 --> 00:13:22,190 It's not that easy. 118 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:25,100 You must be careful because if it fights back, 119 00:13:25,110 --> 00:13:27,060 it can hurt you 120 00:13:27,070 --> 00:13:29,060 or even kill you. 121 00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:54,040 We practiced destructive fishing 122 00:13:54,050 --> 00:13:58,000 because we caught the large and small ones, 123 00:13:58,010 --> 00:14:01,060 indiscriminately, there was no control. 124 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:14,040 The pirarucu was overfished. 125 00:14:14,050 --> 00:14:18,050 The size of the fish was smaller than the size allowed, 126 00:14:18,060 --> 00:14:22,030 and they were fishing the young ones. 127 00:14:29,110 --> 00:14:34,000 Then they started the Mamirauá project, 128 00:14:34,010 --> 00:14:38,160 and they asked us to make a partnership 129 00:14:38,170 --> 00:14:43,120 and come to an agreement to manage the product. 130 00:15:04,070 --> 00:15:10,090 We're supposed to manage 30% of the fish. 131 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:14,160 The counting method was developed 132 00:15:14,170 --> 00:15:16,280 from the fishermen's knowledge 133 00:15:16,290 --> 00:15:19,180 of recognizing individual differences 134 00:15:19,190 --> 00:15:21,040 among the pirarucu. 135 00:15:21,050 --> 00:15:25,150 Each fisherman has a gift. They were born and raised here, 136 00:15:25,160 --> 00:15:27,260 watching the fish since an early age, 137 00:15:27,270 --> 00:15:29,150 in their father's canoe. 138 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:31,290 As they grow up, they can see 139 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:35,040 and identify the fish as they float, 140 00:15:35,050 --> 00:15:37,150 if the fish is large or small. 141 00:15:40,210 --> 00:15:42,210 The small ones surface every 5 minutes, 142 00:15:42,220 --> 00:15:45,110 the larger ones take up to 10 minutes. 143 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:48,190 The really big ones, can take 20 minutes. 144 00:15:51,070 --> 00:15:53,240 Sometimes there are 1 or 2 missing, 145 00:15:53,250 --> 00:15:56,030 but it's a deviation 146 00:15:56,040 --> 00:15:58,120 of 2 or 3%. 147 00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:09,280 I noticed that people who used to smuggle, 148 00:16:09,290 --> 00:16:12,160 today no longer try to do it. 149 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:16,110 With the management, fishing is permitted. 150 00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:20,000 Ibama works with you, everything is ok, 151 00:16:20,010 --> 00:16:22,140 we no longer have to worry. 152 00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:38,260 Fish smaller than 1.5m aren't allowed. 153 00:16:38,270 --> 00:16:40,240 They are numbered. 154 00:16:40,250 --> 00:16:43,160 "Fish number..." 155 00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:03,150 Traditional knowledge is undoubtedly important. 156 00:17:03,160 --> 00:17:07,080 Scientific knowledge is undoubtedly important. 157 00:17:07,090 --> 00:17:10,270 Uniting both for management 158 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:12,250 is working out. 159 00:17:22,110 --> 00:17:26,100 Sometimes I stand there and look, 160 00:17:26,110 --> 00:17:29,170 there were times when we didn't see anything, 161 00:17:29,180 --> 00:17:32,280 and now when I look, I get excited 162 00:17:32,290 --> 00:17:37,090 because we see lots of fish 163 00:17:37,100 --> 00:17:41,130 and it is a great feeling, when you see abundance. 164 00:17:41,140 --> 00:17:43,110 It's just great! 165 00:17:54,020 --> 00:17:58,120 If we don't take care of it, what will be our livelihood? 166 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:05,100 We have to protect our lake for the rest of our lives. 167 00:18:05,110 --> 00:18:10,180 To make sure we have our pirarucu, tambaqui, 168 00:18:10,190 --> 00:18:12,160 croaker, the surubim catfish, 169 00:18:12,170 --> 00:18:14,180 many different types of fish. 170 00:19:18,210 --> 00:19:22,220 Value in Economics means importance. 171 00:19:22,230 --> 00:19:27,100 How can I give value to an ecosystem, 172 00:19:27,110 --> 00:19:31,030 to a species to a role in nature? 173 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,030 By showing how important the role, 174 00:19:34,040 --> 00:19:35,280 this ecosystem or species is. 175 00:19:35,290 --> 00:19:38,210 Keep the Amazon intact, 176 00:19:38,220 --> 00:19:41,000 use it in a sustainable fashion, 177 00:19:41,010 --> 00:19:43,140 keep its canopy working, 178 00:19:43,150 --> 00:19:46,030 this is not necessarily an environmental 179 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:49,070 or social opportunity, but specially economic. 180 00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:52,240 Every step you take here, you see the large biodiversity, 181 00:19:52,250 --> 00:19:56,140 from the fungi growing inside the house 182 00:19:56,150 --> 00:20:00,180 to the number of animals walking in the backyard. 183 00:20:07,290 --> 00:20:10,010 I'll give you a number of examples. 184 00:20:10,020 --> 00:20:13,190 There's an Amazon beetle that's worth US$ 8,000. 185 00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:17,020 Why is the Amazon beetle so valuable? 186 00:20:18,140 --> 00:20:21,150 One gram of the brown spider venom 187 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:23,220 is worth US$ 25,000. 188 00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:29,000 What is in one gram of the brown spider venom? 189 00:20:31,060 --> 00:20:34,160 Let's look at the Amazon underground water, 190 00:20:34,170 --> 00:20:36,020 the aquifers. 191 00:20:36,030 --> 00:20:41,040 They are equivalent to US$ 1.9 quadrillion. 192 00:20:41,050 --> 00:20:44,220 There's enough water to supply the whole world. 193 00:20:50,120 --> 00:20:52,120 You have to use the resources. 194 00:20:52,130 --> 00:20:57,190 Why? If you don't give value to the forest while it stands, 195 00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:01,120 it will never stay up. 196 00:21:01,130 --> 00:21:03,170 If it has no economic value, 197 00:21:03,180 --> 00:21:05,200 it's worth more cut down. 198 00:21:05,210 --> 00:21:09,050 So it will be cut down, burned down and exported. 199 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:21,040 "It's elementary, my dear Watson." 200 00:21:33,180 --> 00:21:40,130 If deforestation were a crucial element to economic development, 201 00:21:40,140 --> 00:21:42,250 the first deforested areas in Brazil 202 00:21:43,120 --> 00:21:45,000 would be the most developed ones. 203 00:21:45,010 --> 00:21:46,190 Such as, for example, 204 00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,130 the so-called Zona da Mata region in the Northeast, 205 00:21:49,140 --> 00:21:51,280 where the deforestation process 206 00:21:51,290 --> 00:21:55,130 is just another form of exclusion, 207 00:21:55,140 --> 00:21:57,060 an environmental exclusion 208 00:21:57,070 --> 00:21:59,280 which, combined with economic and social exclusion, 209 00:21:59,290 --> 00:22:03,000 generated the profound inequality 210 00:22:03,010 --> 00:22:08,040 which we fight so hard to try and reduce nowadays. 211 00:22:08,050 --> 00:22:10,050 The debate on the Amazon 212 00:22:10,060 --> 00:22:15,170 is not about what can or cannot be done. 213 00:22:15,180 --> 00:22:17,240 The important thing is to discuss 214 00:22:17,250 --> 00:22:23,190 how things can be done in a different way. 215 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:27,100 There is room for big projects, 216 00:22:27,110 --> 00:22:30,240 big sustainable projects. 217 00:22:30,250 --> 00:22:33,090 On the other hand, a large part 218 00:22:33,100 --> 00:22:36,130 of the good things that can happen, 219 00:22:36,140 --> 00:22:39,230 in relation to the sustainable development of the Amazon, 220 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:44,090 will be more local, in a smaller scale. 221 00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:48,270 It's important that they communicate properly. 222 00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:52,070 In my opinion, whether small or large 223 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:53,280 projects in the Amazon 224 00:22:53,290 --> 00:22:56,260 should always be concerned about ethical behavior. 225 00:22:56,270 --> 00:23:00,240 How to plan the activities 226 00:23:00,250 --> 00:23:03,260 in order for them to coexist with the forest 227 00:23:03,270 --> 00:23:08,260 and with the Amazon civilizing process. 228 00:23:24,260 --> 00:23:29,290 I arrived here on November 30, 229 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:32,150 1968. 230 00:23:36,260 --> 00:23:39,140 I came here as an agricultural technician 231 00:23:39,150 --> 00:23:43,100 to help manage deforestation, 232 00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:46,080 help grow the first crops. 233 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,210 An American, Daniel Keith Ludwig, 234 00:23:52,220 --> 00:23:56,290 decided that a great investment, a great business 235 00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,260 would be high quality cellulose paper. 236 00:24:08,290 --> 00:24:12,030 We didn't really believe 237 00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:16,160 that a ready-made factory would come on a ferryboat. 238 00:24:16,170 --> 00:24:19,150 We just couldn't believe it. 239 00:24:21,110 --> 00:24:24,190 When we saw that huge thing... 240 00:24:26,190 --> 00:24:29,200 The kids that were in front of the warehouse 241 00:24:29,210 --> 00:24:33,240 saw it and ran back home and hid. 242 00:24:43,060 --> 00:24:46,070 They transferred the American management 243 00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,050 to the Brazilians. 244 00:24:55,210 --> 00:24:58,030 They began to produce cellulose from eucalyptus, 245 00:24:58,040 --> 00:25:02,160 350,000 tons of eucalyptus cellulose a year, 246 00:25:02,170 --> 00:25:04,050 and certified. 247 00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:14,180 The idea of stewardship came up 248 00:25:14,190 --> 00:25:16,270 when we had an accident 249 00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:19,260 in the generator pipe at the plant, 250 00:25:19,270 --> 00:25:22,270 and we stopped for 6 months. 251 00:25:30,170 --> 00:25:33,050 We were completely dependent on the cellulose plant, 252 00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:35,230 what could we do in addition to that? 253 00:25:38,030 --> 00:25:40,190 "We're going to sell wood." 254 00:26:32,070 --> 00:26:35,210 Then we thought about adopting 255 00:26:35,220 --> 00:26:39,100 sustainable management for the forests 256 00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:42,040 inside the property. 257 00:26:44,050 --> 00:26:47,060 We had no experience, so we began slowly. 258 00:26:47,070 --> 00:26:49,240 As we learned more, we improved 259 00:26:49,250 --> 00:26:53,120 and produced more and more. 260 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:08,240 We have 632 species recorded, 261 00:27:08,250 --> 00:27:12,020 and we're only using 7%. 262 00:27:13,010 --> 00:27:17,010 The rest is untouched, it's in the jungle. 263 00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:26,090 It's different because the forest is being taken care of. 264 00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:28,070 Wherever you cut a tree, 265 00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:31,040 wherever the company extracts something, 266 00:27:31,050 --> 00:27:34,200 we'll only go back there in 30 years. 267 00:27:38,010 --> 00:27:40,260 Despite all progress and sophistication, 268 00:27:40,270 --> 00:27:43,200 humans still use wood. 269 00:27:43,210 --> 00:27:47,000 Wood is a product that the forest can provide 270 00:27:47,010 --> 00:27:50,190 permanently, as long as you know how to use it. 271 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,130 Is felling trees sustainable? Yes, it is. 272 00:27:53,140 --> 00:27:55,140 As long as you do it right. 273 00:27:56,180 --> 00:27:59,170 You have to set the forest aside, 274 00:27:59,180 --> 00:28:03,200 regenerating for 30 years. 275 00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:23,060 Forest management is 276 00:28:23,070 --> 00:28:26,230 about us anticipating 277 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:30,100 the natural fact that the thick trees 278 00:28:30,110 --> 00:28:34,110 will grow old and die someday. 279 00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:37,180 The termites begin to cut the fiber 280 00:28:37,190 --> 00:28:39,250 and eat them up, 281 00:28:39,260 --> 00:28:42,170 and one day, during a storm, 282 00:28:42,180 --> 00:28:46,210 the trees fall and open a clearing. 283 00:28:57,130 --> 00:29:02,150 Management is about doing a well-planned inventory, 284 00:29:02,160 --> 00:29:05,160 see the trees we want to cut, 285 00:29:05,170 --> 00:29:10,010 and before they grow old and lose the commercial value 286 00:29:10,020 --> 00:29:12,190 of a nice healthy log, 287 00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:15,200 we harvest a few trees, 288 00:29:15,210 --> 00:29:19,060 from 3 to 5 trees per hectare. 289 00:29:33,100 --> 00:29:36,270 Every tree coming from the forest has an ID, 290 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:41,110 a parcel number, a lot number and a tree number. 291 00:29:43,290 --> 00:29:47,270 If someone buys wood, anywhere in the world, 292 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:51,280 from OrsaFlorestal they know where it came from 293 00:29:51,290 --> 00:29:55,190 through the custody chain process. 294 00:30:09,160 --> 00:30:14,150 Most illegal wood produced in Brazil 295 00:30:14,160 --> 00:30:16,020 is not for export, 296 00:30:16,030 --> 00:30:18,230 it's used in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. 297 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:20,250 Most of it in civil construction 298 00:30:20,260 --> 00:30:24,250 to build scaffolds, then they are discarded. 299 00:30:24,260 --> 00:30:29,210 It's a poor use of this biodiversity. 300 00:30:29,220 --> 00:30:33,190 In the national market. it is hard to compete 301 00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:35,190 with noble wood, 302 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,200 because there is still a lot of wood 303 00:30:39,210 --> 00:30:42,060 coming from illegal projects, 304 00:30:42,070 --> 00:30:45,080 that are stolen from the State. 305 00:30:46,170 --> 00:30:49,190 Those people are unlikely to legalize their business, 306 00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,190 as long as there are people paying for illegal wood, 307 00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:54,050 including the government, 308 00:30:54,060 --> 00:30:56,200 which could review their concept. 309 00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:00,030 They should use certified wood in all public constructions. 310 00:31:15,050 --> 00:31:18,120 The demand for commodities, 311 00:31:18,130 --> 00:31:21,250 especially grains and meat, 312 00:31:21,260 --> 00:31:24,120 has been increasing in the world. 313 00:31:24,130 --> 00:31:28,100 Economists no longer think it's a bubble, 314 00:31:28,110 --> 00:31:30,230 but something consistent. 315 00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:32,250 The population on the planet 316 00:31:32,260 --> 00:31:36,100 has significantly increased, 317 00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:40,120 therefore, there's high demand and the last areas 318 00:31:40,130 --> 00:31:45,250 available to supply this demand 319 00:31:45,260 --> 00:31:49,220 are the tropical areas, especially the Amazon. 320 00:32:00,270 --> 00:32:05,210 Cattle-raising in the Amazon is pre-historic. 321 00:32:05,220 --> 00:32:07,230 They just leave the cattle there 322 00:32:07,240 --> 00:32:10,040 and wait until they get fat. 323 00:32:21,150 --> 00:32:26,140 Cattle-raising is a human activity. 324 00:32:26,150 --> 00:32:30,250 All other activities, especially in the rural area, 325 00:32:30,260 --> 00:32:34,190 came after cattle-raising. 326 00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:44,090 When I first came here, people considered me 327 00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:46,120 a brave man 328 00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:48,130 for conquering the Amazon. 329 00:32:48,140 --> 00:32:51,250 For us, to come here from the Southeast 330 00:32:51,260 --> 00:32:53,200 or the South Region, 331 00:32:53,210 --> 00:32:57,220 what did we need? 332 00:32:57,230 --> 00:33:00,160 Something to attract us. What? 333 00:33:00,170 --> 00:33:04,200 While we had 100 hectares in the Southeast, 334 00:33:04,210 --> 00:33:07,160 the proposal was that we would have 1000 here. 335 00:33:11,180 --> 00:33:13,250 They just wanted development at any cost. 336 00:33:13,260 --> 00:33:15,260 At the time the term 337 00:33:15,270 --> 00:33:19,160 "sustainable development" didn't exist. 338 00:33:19,170 --> 00:33:22,210 And the government funded the clearing of forests 339 00:33:22,220 --> 00:33:24,240 for pasture. 340 00:33:24,250 --> 00:33:27,250 So deforestation began. 341 00:33:34,250 --> 00:33:38,160 In the first 6 or 7 years, it was just wonderful. 342 00:33:38,170 --> 00:33:42,270 We produced more than anyone anywhere else. 343 00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:47,020 This wasn't "Pará," it was paradise. 344 00:34:59,110 --> 00:35:02,080 Paragominas witnessed the cattle-raising cycle, 345 00:35:02,090 --> 00:35:04,090 the rubber cycle, 346 00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:07,280 and recently, mineral activity and agriculture. 347 00:35:07,290 --> 00:35:11,290 And in January 2008, Paragominas was added 348 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:13,170 to the blacklist of deforestation, 349 00:35:13,180 --> 00:35:15,250 of the cities with the worst deforestation. 350 00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:22,090 DEFORESTATION UNTIL 2010 351 00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:24,120 There's an embargo against those on the list. 352 00:35:24,130 --> 00:35:29,050 The cities won't receive funds or permission to produce. 353 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:39,070 What could we do to leave the risk zone 354 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:43,280 and legalize our activities? 355 00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:52,090 We needed the zero deforestation agreement 356 00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:53,110 that we signed 357 00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:58,110 with 51 representative entities of the organized civil society, 358 00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:01,050 led by the rural producers union. 359 00:36:01,060 --> 00:36:05,150 We had to check for those disrespecting the agreement. 360 00:36:10,260 --> 00:36:14,050 Since it's a large municipality, with 2 million hectares, 361 00:36:14,060 --> 00:36:17,070 the size of Belgium, 362 00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:19,050 twice the size of Lebanon, 363 00:36:19,060 --> 00:36:23,210 we needed to modernize our inspection method. 364 00:36:23,220 --> 00:36:27,240 A little car travelling around wasn't fast enough. 365 00:36:27,250 --> 00:36:31,220 Georeference, monitoring, is an important ally 366 00:36:31,230 --> 00:36:33,270 to the conservation and use of the forest. 367 00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:35,280 By using satellite images we can identify 368 00:36:35,290 --> 00:36:38,220 where the problems are. 369 00:36:41,170 --> 00:36:43,200 In the beginning we thought 370 00:36:43,210 --> 00:36:47,040 that monitoring wouldn't be necessary. 371 00:36:50,240 --> 00:36:53,000 This has changed. Why? 372 00:36:53,010 --> 00:36:56,000 When you speak to the business people 373 00:36:56,010 --> 00:36:58,280 in an economic and environmental language, 374 00:36:58,290 --> 00:37:01,190 the conversation flows. 375 00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:03,000 I work in an industry, 376 00:37:03,010 --> 00:37:05,280 my farm is an industry that produces meat. 377 00:37:05,290 --> 00:37:08,260 And I must have 378 00:37:08,270 --> 00:37:12,280 and produce meat with less impact, 379 00:37:12,290 --> 00:37:15,200 causing less impact on the environment. 380 00:37:15,210 --> 00:37:20,210 I see it as a demand of the market. 381 00:37:22,270 --> 00:37:26,050 Profitability is the key to legality. 382 00:37:26,060 --> 00:37:29,260 Cattle today is extensively produced, 383 00:37:29,270 --> 00:37:33,020 with one animal per hectare on average. 384 00:37:33,030 --> 00:37:34,090 This is outrageous! 385 00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:37,070 But there is technology available in the world 386 00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:41,220 allowing you to raise 3, 4, 6 animals per hectare. 387 00:37:52,150 --> 00:37:58,140 This low-technology extractive cattle-raising, 388 00:37:58,150 --> 00:38:03,030 as I see it, has its days numbered. 389 00:38:05,290 --> 00:38:09,240 We are managing to raise cattle 390 00:38:09,250 --> 00:38:11,240 while preserving the forests 391 00:38:11,250 --> 00:38:15,280 and restoring the APPs destroyed in the past. 392 00:38:15,290 --> 00:38:17,270 We are introducing 393 00:38:17,280 --> 00:38:21,000 the low-carbon agriculture to Paragominas, 394 00:38:21,010 --> 00:38:24,070 reforestation in the past 3.5 years. 395 00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:29,030 Deforestation was practically zero here in Paragominas. 396 00:38:31,250 --> 00:38:35,000 In March 2010, Paragominas was removed from the list; 397 00:38:35,010 --> 00:38:36,230 the first Amazon municipality 398 00:38:36,240 --> 00:38:39,040 removed from the blacklist. 399 00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:27,000 21st century Brazil must take a stand 400 00:39:27,010 --> 00:39:29,030 in relation to what it wants. 401 00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:31,050 Do we want more of the same? 402 00:39:31,060 --> 00:39:32,290 Are we going to be a continuation 403 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,260 of a slave-owning past of land owners, 404 00:39:36,270 --> 00:39:38,110 and conservative? 405 00:39:38,120 --> 00:39:42,090 When we look at the Forest Code debate today, 406 00:39:42,100 --> 00:39:45,080 it's clear its similarity 407 00:39:45,090 --> 00:39:48,090 with the debate in the end of the 19 century, 408 00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,090 when Brazil had to make a decision 409 00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:57,100 between a slave-owning past and a future of freedom. 410 00:40:11,260 --> 00:40:15,290 The arguments used by those in favor of slavery, 411 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:19,130 the majority of which were in the Senate, 412 00:40:19,140 --> 00:40:21,180 in the Brazilian Parliament at the time, 413 00:40:21,190 --> 00:40:26,050 are the same used against the Forest Code. 414 00:40:26,060 --> 00:40:29,100 Slavery was necessary for the economic activity, 415 00:40:29,110 --> 00:40:31,270 without slavery there would be no food, 416 00:40:31,280 --> 00:40:33,060 Brazil wouldn't be able to export, 417 00:40:33,070 --> 00:40:36,030 generating a large economic crisis. 418 00:40:40,250 --> 00:40:46,040 This type of analogy is completely relevant 419 00:40:46,050 --> 00:40:47,150 in today's debate, 420 00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:51,000 where an outdated sector of the Brazilian agriculture 421 00:40:51,010 --> 00:40:53,130 thinks that the way to growth 422 00:40:53,140 --> 00:40:55,290 is by cutting trees down and clearing areas 423 00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:58,130 and not by introducing intelligence, 424 00:40:58,140 --> 00:41:03,160 and innovations with content and quality. 425 00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:42,080 We arrived here 426 00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:46,250 on September 22, 1929. 427 00:42:01,250 --> 00:42:04,070 From what my parents told me, 428 00:42:04,080 --> 00:42:06,200 the place where I was born 429 00:42:06,210 --> 00:42:09,060 was a really poor place 430 00:42:09,070 --> 00:42:12,070 and the agricultural work 431 00:42:12,080 --> 00:42:15,020 couldn't be enhanced or increased. 432 00:42:15,030 --> 00:42:18,030 I think that's why my parents left 433 00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,010 and looked for an abundant place, 434 00:42:20,020 --> 00:42:23,030 such as Brazil, with lots of lands 435 00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:25,140 and a lot of places to work. 436 00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:41,130 The black diamond (black pepper) in Asia 437 00:42:41,140 --> 00:42:43,230 was decimated after World War II. 438 00:42:43,240 --> 00:42:46,060 But we had some pepper here. 439 00:42:46,070 --> 00:42:49,210 So we multiplied it fast 440 00:42:49,220 --> 00:42:55,040 and in the 50's and 60's we lived off black pepper. 441 00:42:58,080 --> 00:43:00,130 Since good things are short-lived, 442 00:43:00,140 --> 00:43:03,070 we had a monoculture. 443 00:43:03,080 --> 00:43:06,160 A disease, fusariosis, 444 00:43:06,170 --> 00:43:08,150 killed the pepper farms. 445 00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:11,160 And our co-op from Tomé-Açu 446 00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:14,240 hit the very bottom, 447 00:43:14,250 --> 00:43:17,260 but fortunately overcame the situation. 448 00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:31,270 In our area, after the 70's, 449 00:43:31,280 --> 00:43:34,130 there was a huge change. 450 00:43:34,140 --> 00:43:37,100 And today there's a lot of talk 451 00:43:37,110 --> 00:43:40,010 about our municipality 452 00:43:40,020 --> 00:43:42,130 because of the sustainable agriculture, 453 00:43:42,140 --> 00:43:44,160 the agroforestry system. 454 00:43:54,240 --> 00:43:58,070 When you fly over in a chopper, 455 00:43:58,080 --> 00:44:00,040 you think it's a forest, 456 00:44:00,050 --> 00:44:02,230 but it's a productive one. 457 00:44:02,240 --> 00:44:07,090 We have cocoa, cupuaçu, açai, 458 00:44:07,100 --> 00:44:09,240 rubber, a number of species. 459 00:44:09,250 --> 00:44:11,110 It's not monoculture. 460 00:44:11,120 --> 00:44:14,290 If there is a disease, it won't kill everything. 461 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:17,170 There will be problem in one area, 462 00:44:17,180 --> 00:44:19,140 but the other one is safe. 463 00:44:19,150 --> 00:44:24,130 We work in the agroforestry system 464 00:44:24,140 --> 00:44:29,240 and we've found, especially in the Japanese market, 465 00:44:29,250 --> 00:44:34,120 partners that appreciate our system 466 00:44:34,130 --> 00:44:39,050 of environment protection. 467 00:44:42,170 --> 00:44:44,010 Excuse me. 468 00:45:14,170 --> 00:45:19,070 We see the natural forest as wilderness, 469 00:45:19,080 --> 00:45:23,170 not as something related to progress. 470 00:45:23,180 --> 00:45:26,060 One of the main paradigms 471 00:45:26,070 --> 00:45:31,000 is to rethink the woods, 472 00:45:31,010 --> 00:45:33,120 and see the forest as something 473 00:45:33,130 --> 00:45:35,220 that represents an economic opportunity. 474 00:45:35,230 --> 00:45:38,070 The animals also come back. 475 00:45:38,080 --> 00:45:43,010 Now I see many birds here, 476 00:45:43,020 --> 00:45:45,140 and bats at night. 477 00:45:45,150 --> 00:45:47,150 They eat the fruit 478 00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:52,060 and naturally spread the seeds. 479 00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,280 That's the agriculture of the future. 480 00:45:54,290 --> 00:45:59,080 Destructive agriculture is history. 481 00:45:59,090 --> 00:46:02,290 You must learn to coexist with nature, 482 00:46:03,000 --> 00:46:07,100 that's what we've been doing here for the past 80 years. 483 00:46:23,290 --> 00:46:27,200 {ETERNAL AMAZON 484 00:46:32,290 --> 00:46:36,170 There is no sustainable development in the Amazon 485 00:46:36,180 --> 00:46:39,160 without integration, social inclusion, 486 00:46:39,170 --> 00:46:41,150 better quality of life 487 00:46:41,160 --> 00:46:45,070 and freedom to the people living in the Amazon. 488 00:46:45,080 --> 00:46:48,030 But we cannot turn this 489 00:46:48,040 --> 00:46:52,040 into a hypocritical argument, 490 00:46:52,050 --> 00:46:54,080 as when people say, 491 00:46:54,090 --> 00:46:56,230 "There are 25 million people in the Amazon, 492 00:46:56,240 --> 00:47:00,100 so we need to keep growing." 493 00:47:00,110 --> 00:47:02,250 It's the lowest HDI in Brazil. 494 00:47:02,260 --> 00:47:06,010 It's the same colonial model, 495 00:47:06,020 --> 00:47:08,020 of the colonial days 496 00:47:08,030 --> 00:47:10,140 used in the Backlands spices 497 00:47:10,150 --> 00:47:14,000 and then the rubber cycle. 498 00:47:14,280 --> 00:47:16,210 Do you understand? 499 00:47:16,220 --> 00:47:19,170 A region cannot develop 500 00:47:19,180 --> 00:47:23,160 when its resources are continuously exploited 501 00:47:23,170 --> 00:47:25,100 and exported. 502 00:47:25,110 --> 00:47:28,180 The Amazon production chains are short, 503 00:47:28,190 --> 00:47:30,060 incomplete. 504 00:47:30,070 --> 00:47:33,100 It's about exploitation and export. 505 00:47:33,110 --> 00:47:37,180 Value aggregation is done abroad. 506 00:47:37,190 --> 00:47:40,270 If we continue with the same expansion pattern 507 00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:43,060 of the agricultural production, 508 00:47:43,070 --> 00:47:48,120 with the same lack of sustainability, 509 00:47:48,130 --> 00:47:50,270 with the same consumption pattern 510 00:47:50,280 --> 00:47:54,030 or the lack of insistence on the part of the consumers, 511 00:47:54,040 --> 00:47:58,070 we will have no Amazon, no agriculture 512 00:47:58,080 --> 00:48:01,140 and we’ll certainly have hunger in the future. 513 00:48:18,170 --> 00:48:23,180 There was a time when the rubber cycle accounted for 514 00:48:23,190 --> 00:48:28,040 40% of the entire Brazilian exports. 515 00:48:28,050 --> 00:48:30,180 This was achieved with 5% of the population 516 00:48:30,190 --> 00:48:32,110 living in the Amazon, 517 00:48:32,120 --> 00:48:34,140 working under poor conditions. 518 00:48:34,150 --> 00:48:40,010 So when the crisis breaks down, this population is abandoned 519 00:48:40,020 --> 00:48:42,090 in the middle of the forest. 520 00:48:57,260 --> 00:48:59,230 You walk a lot. 521 00:49:01,220 --> 00:49:03,230 Sometimes I walk for 11 hours. 522 00:49:03,240 --> 00:49:06,180 And I don't know how many kilometers 523 00:49:06,190 --> 00:49:08,220 a person walks in 11 hours. 524 00:49:08,230 --> 00:49:12,240 In a straight line, it would be a lot. 525 00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:15,160 I don't think it's a bad thing, 526 00:49:15,170 --> 00:49:18,250 to walk in the forest, see the animals, the birds. 527 00:49:18,260 --> 00:49:21,100 You see so many things in the forest! 528 00:49:26,260 --> 00:49:30,210 We normally wake up at 1 am. 529 00:49:30,220 --> 00:49:32,210 I don't even watch the soap opera. 530 00:49:32,220 --> 00:49:35,140 I go to bed so I won't oversleep. 531 00:49:43,210 --> 00:49:47,080 If you work a latex trail well, 532 00:49:47,090 --> 00:49:52,070 you can work those trails for 100 years, 533 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:53,140 without a problem. 534 00:49:53,150 --> 00:49:56,270 The tree gets healthier and healthier. 535 00:49:56,280 --> 00:49:58,080 I learned with my father, 536 00:49:58,090 --> 00:50:00,280 he even hit me on the head a couple of times, 537 00:50:00,290 --> 00:50:04,010 "Do it right. This is a family tree. 538 00:50:04,020 --> 00:50:07,070 It will raise you just like your mother." 539 00:50:53,040 --> 00:51:01,230 We normally talk about trips that take hours. 540 00:51:01,240 --> 00:51:04,150 Some, a few hours, others, many hours. 541 00:51:04,160 --> 00:51:07,240 In the Amazon, we talk about trips that take days, 542 00:51:07,250 --> 00:51:11,190 some, a few days, others, many days. 543 00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:15,290 From Manaus to the district of Carauari 544 00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:18,110 it's 8 days on a boat. 545 00:51:18,120 --> 00:51:21,030 8 days to arrive in the district of Carauari. 546 00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:25,060 From there, it's another 52 hours. 547 00:51:35,180 --> 00:51:37,140 What makes the riverside trade work? 548 00:51:37,150 --> 00:51:39,240 It's a process in which people living 549 00:51:39,250 --> 00:51:43,010 up to 52 hours from the municipality center 550 00:51:43,020 --> 00:51:48,060 can trade what they produce, without leaving their community, 551 00:51:48,070 --> 00:51:51,290 and acquire basic products paying the price 552 00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:55,050 of the cheapest market in the area. 553 00:52:07,090 --> 00:52:09,190 Women don't like to live in want. 554 00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:14,100 When there's something missing at home, they get angry. 555 00:52:14,110 --> 00:52:18,150 And with all this trading, the women get excited. 556 00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:33,010 In olden days, rubber tapping 557 00:52:33,020 --> 00:52:37,240 was slave work for the major rubber tappers. 558 00:52:37,250 --> 00:52:41,190 Their work wasn't feasible. 559 00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:43,290 They could not even foresee their future 560 00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:47,020 because they owed money from harvest to harvest. 561 00:52:50,210 --> 00:52:53,140 Before we moved to the community, 562 00:52:53,150 --> 00:52:56,130 the land had an owner. 563 00:52:56,140 --> 00:53:00,180 So whenever I wanted to delimit the land for growing crops, 564 00:53:00,190 --> 00:53:02,140 I had to talk to him, 565 00:53:02,150 --> 00:53:04,290 "Are you going to let me grow something there?" 566 00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:09,290 He'd say, "If it's in good land, no way." 567 00:53:11,020 --> 00:53:14,270 To fish on the lake, I had to talk to him, 568 00:53:14,280 --> 00:53:17,230 "We're starving. Can we fish something?" 569 00:53:17,240 --> 00:53:21,150 "You can catch one. That's it." 570 00:53:23,080 --> 00:53:26,090 We had to do whatever he told us. 571 00:53:26,100 --> 00:53:28,150 We had no rights. 572 00:53:31,030 --> 00:53:33,140 São Raimundo calling. 573 00:53:33,150 --> 00:53:35,120 We talked about the merchandise coming in. 574 00:53:35,130 --> 00:53:38,150 The production goes exactly the opposite way. 575 00:53:39,190 --> 00:53:42,010 Have you started loading the output? 576 00:53:42,020 --> 00:53:47,010 We'll try to fill up the papers and send it too. 577 00:53:49,220 --> 00:53:53,140 The entire production is recorded, 578 00:53:53,150 --> 00:53:55,180 the tavern keeper does that. 579 00:53:55,190 --> 00:53:57,270 They buy the output, or the rubber, 580 00:53:57,280 --> 00:54:00,070 and sell the merchandise. 581 00:54:00,080 --> 00:54:05,030 This problem, the bottleneck of marketing the output, 582 00:54:05,040 --> 00:54:08,040 in Carauari, for the riverside communities, 583 00:54:08,050 --> 00:54:09,170 has been overcome. 584 00:54:14,240 --> 00:54:18,190 I moved to the reserve and I don't regret it. 585 00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:24,190 We don't have to ask anyone for anything. 586 00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:29,230 I own this. This area is mine. 587 00:54:29,240 --> 00:54:32,280 I have three good rubber trails. 588 00:54:32,290 --> 00:54:36,260 I have land to grow crops, 589 00:54:36,270 --> 00:54:39,000 we have plenty of it here. 590 00:55:40,270 --> 00:55:44,170 It's time for us to make a big choice. 591 00:55:44,180 --> 00:55:46,190 Science has shown that the planet 592 00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:48,230 is not following the proper path, 593 00:55:48,240 --> 00:55:50,250 the path of sustainability. 594 00:55:51,240 --> 00:55:53,260 We are fighting for a planet 595 00:55:53,270 --> 00:55:56,200 with minimum living conditions, 596 00:55:56,210 --> 00:55:58,200 with a certificate of occupancy. 597 00:55:58,210 --> 00:56:01,290 It doesn't have to be extremely comfortable 598 00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:03,270 or free of problems. 599 00:56:03,280 --> 00:56:06,230 We're losing the certificate of occupancy of our planet 600 00:56:06,240 --> 00:56:09,140 because of our way of consumption and production, 601 00:56:09,150 --> 00:56:12,130 because there's no dialogue between the environmental 602 00:56:12,140 --> 00:56:14,150 and the economic sides. 603 00:56:37,170 --> 00:56:41,280 The Amazon ecosystems play a very important role 604 00:56:41,290 --> 00:56:44,280 in climate regulation, 605 00:56:44,290 --> 00:56:46,200 both locally 606 00:56:46,210 --> 00:56:50,240 and probably globally, of the whole planet, 607 00:56:50,250 --> 00:56:53,050 since the Amazon is really big. 608 00:56:53,060 --> 00:56:55,290 Whatever happens in the Amazon is reflected 609 00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:58,060 in distant areas. 610 00:57:13,260 --> 00:57:16,010 What we know today about the dynamics 611 00:57:16,020 --> 00:57:18,190 of the process of climate and atmosphere 612 00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:22,210 is that the influence of intense rain in the Amazon 613 00:57:22,220 --> 00:57:28,210 can be felt in North America, Europe, 614 00:57:28,220 --> 00:57:31,270 the South of Brazil, Africa, Southern Africa; 615 00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:34,200 it spreads all over the world. 616 00:57:46,270 --> 00:57:50,110 The connections, like a seesaw, 617 00:57:50,120 --> 00:57:53,230 of a lot of rain in the Amazon and little rain elsewhere, 618 00:57:53,240 --> 00:57:55,210 are very common. 619 00:57:55,220 --> 00:57:58,010 They're part of the water and heat 620 00:57:58,020 --> 00:58:00,250 balance process in the atmosphere. 621 00:58:00,260 --> 00:58:03,240 A balance must be reached. 622 00:58:06,100 --> 00:58:08,260 Nature wants efficiency. 623 00:58:22,150 --> 00:58:24,280 Flying rivers are air masses 624 00:58:24,290 --> 00:58:26,290 travelling around the country, 625 00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:30,060 that normally come from the Amazon area, 626 00:58:30,070 --> 00:58:33,210 from the evaporation and transpiration of the trees, 627 00:58:33,220 --> 00:58:36,010 and travel throughout the country. 628 00:58:36,020 --> 00:58:39,200 The project aims to follow the flying rivers, 629 00:58:39,210 --> 00:58:42,120 collect samples of water vapor, 630 00:58:42,130 --> 00:58:45,170 determine the amount that comes from the forest 631 00:58:45,180 --> 00:58:48,190 and its relation to the economy of the country. 632 00:58:54,290 --> 00:58:59,270 We know that a large tree can transpire or evaporate 633 00:58:59,280 --> 00:59:02,260 more than 1000 liters of water in one day. 634 00:59:02,270 --> 00:59:05,150 The total amount of water 635 00:59:05,160 --> 00:59:07,200 evapotranspired by the Amazon area 636 00:59:07,210 --> 00:59:10,190 is around 20 billion tons a day. 637 00:59:10,200 --> 00:59:15,100 If we consider that in Brazil only 5% of the productive lands 638 00:59:15,110 --> 00:59:18,000 have some type of irrigation, 639 00:59:18,010 --> 00:59:20,140 and 95% don't normally depend on irrigation 640 00:59:20,150 --> 00:59:23,160 but on rainwater which comes in part from the Amazon, 641 00:59:23,170 --> 00:59:25,180 then we can understand how important 642 00:59:25,190 --> 00:59:28,010 the flying rivers are for Brazil. 643 00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:59,260 If we cannot give an economic value 644 00:59:59,270 --> 01:00:03,050 to the forest soon, 645 01:00:03,060 --> 01:00:06,160 it will be increasingly harder 646 01:00:06,170 --> 01:00:10,270 to justify the existence of the forest. 647 01:00:19,120 --> 01:00:24,280 If you imagine that the Amazon plays an important role 648 01:00:24,290 --> 01:00:28,060 in maintaining the climate, maintaining the rain 649 01:00:28,070 --> 01:00:31,000 that falls on the region and even outside of it, 650 01:00:31,010 --> 01:00:34,070 in places like São Paulo and the Midwest of Brazil, 651 01:00:34,080 --> 01:00:37,250 this deforestation ends up interrupting 652 01:00:37,260 --> 01:00:41,010 this great environmental service that the forest provides. 653 01:00:41,020 --> 01:00:42,220 If the forest goes down, 654 01:00:42,230 --> 01:00:45,180 the porous water, the porous aquifers, 655 01:00:45,190 --> 01:00:47,160 will disappear over time. 656 01:00:48,180 --> 01:00:51,140 It turns into a savannah, 657 01:00:51,150 --> 01:00:56,240 a type of grassland, or low vegetation. 658 01:00:56,250 --> 01:00:58,220 It's a horrible scenery. 659 01:00:59,110 --> 01:01:02,210 It's so bad that Brazil would need 660 01:01:02,220 --> 01:01:06,160 a technology three times more advanced 661 01:01:06,170 --> 01:01:09,110 than that of the US in 50 years 662 01:01:09,120 --> 01:01:13,170 to compensate the economic loss of the destruction of the Amazon 663 01:01:13,180 --> 01:01:17,130 with the economic gain of the technological progress. 664 01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:30,290 Most of what we see as climate variation 665 01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:35,190 isn't global warming yet because of the greenhouse gases. 666 01:01:35,200 --> 01:01:37,190 It's a change in the use of the land. 667 01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:42,150 However, if nothing is done about the greenhouse gases, 668 01:01:42,160 --> 01:01:45,290 in a few decades, global warming 669 01:01:46,000 --> 01:01:47,280 because of the greenhouse gases, 670 01:01:47,290 --> 01:01:50,280 will prevail over the other effects. 671 01:02:03,030 --> 01:02:05,210 Carbon in the atmosphere 672 01:02:05,220 --> 01:02:09,260 is a necessary and useful element, 673 01:02:09,270 --> 01:02:14,050 as it is the raw material for photosynthesis, 674 01:02:14,060 --> 01:02:19,110 and necessary to warm up the atmosphere, 675 01:02:19,120 --> 01:02:22,230 making sure that the planet is not too cold. 676 01:02:25,260 --> 01:02:27,250 The problem is 677 01:02:27,260 --> 01:02:30,130 that the carbon dioxide concentrations 678 01:02:30,140 --> 01:02:33,080 have increased considerably in the past decades. 679 01:02:33,090 --> 01:02:37,100 Now it's heating up the atmosphere. 680 01:02:54,020 --> 01:02:58,020 Carbon sequestration by the forest is the process 681 01:02:58,030 --> 01:03:04,130 with which the forest removes from the atmosphere 682 01:03:04,140 --> 01:03:09,040 more carbon than it releases 683 01:03:09,050 --> 01:03:11,290 through respiration. 684 01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:15,120 The excess carbon it receives 685 01:03:15,130 --> 01:03:17,290 is stored in its biomass, 686 01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:20,250 in the canopy, trunks, roots, 687 01:03:20,260 --> 01:03:22,210 the biomass of the tree. 688 01:03:22,220 --> 01:03:29,050 Deforestation means the opposite of what the forest does, 689 01:03:29,060 --> 01:03:34,130 it releases carbon dioxide, CO2, into the atmosphere. 690 01:03:44,180 --> 01:03:47,000 How the greenhouse gases that warm up the planet 691 01:03:47,010 --> 01:03:49,090 are released is of no consequence. 692 01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:52,170 It can be in the Amazon, in a NYC cab, 693 01:03:52,180 --> 01:03:56,100 or maybe from an Indian cooking in New Delhi 694 01:03:56,110 --> 01:03:58,090 with firewood or cow manure, 695 01:03:58,100 --> 01:04:00,210 or maybe in the most modern plant in Japan. 696 01:04:00,220 --> 01:04:04,040 They go into the atmosphere and warm up the planet. 697 01:04:04,050 --> 01:04:09,120 When the global market economy adds, for example, 698 01:04:09,130 --> 01:04:11,260 into the prices of all goods 699 01:04:11,270 --> 01:04:15,110 the cost of releasing greenhouse gases, 700 01:04:15,120 --> 01:04:21,000 then the gigantic reservoir of carbon in the Amazon 701 01:04:21,010 --> 01:04:25,270 will finally be properly valued. 702 01:04:25,280 --> 01:04:29,170 We can no longer escape from the fact 703 01:04:29,180 --> 01:04:31,250 that we live in one world only. 704 01:04:31,260 --> 01:04:34,190 And the Amazon is a key player 705 01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:37,020 in the future of this world. 706 01:05:43,250 --> 01:05:45,270 The Xingu Indigenous Park 707 01:05:45,280 --> 01:05:48,050 has 2,8 million hectares 708 01:05:48,060 --> 01:05:51,240 with 16 indigenous peoples 709 01:05:51,250 --> 01:05:55,000 surrounded 710 01:05:55,010 --> 01:05:59,050 by monoculture, mainly rice, soy 711 01:05:59,060 --> 01:06:00,150 and cattle-raising. 712 01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:13,170 All the riverheads of the Xingu river 713 01:06:13,180 --> 01:06:16,000 are outside the Xingu park. 714 01:06:16,010 --> 01:06:18,250 Everything that happens outside the park 715 01:06:18,260 --> 01:06:20,280 runs into the park. 716 01:06:35,130 --> 01:06:37,190 I arrived in Mato Grosso when I was little. 717 01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:39,250 Whatever you can't do today I did back then. 718 01:06:39,260 --> 01:06:42,220 Not just me but everyone else. 719 01:06:44,070 --> 01:06:47,210 We were supposed to knock everything down. 720 01:06:51,050 --> 01:06:54,070 Honestly, fair and square, 721 01:06:54,080 --> 01:06:58,140 we've lost 30-40% 722 01:06:58,150 --> 01:07:02,040 of the riches of the environment. 723 01:07:05,230 --> 01:07:08,280 We're talking about 300,000 hectares 724 01:07:08,290 --> 01:07:11,060 of riverheads and riverside vegetation 725 01:07:11,070 --> 01:07:13,090 that were destroyed or deforested. 726 01:07:36,290 --> 01:07:40,190 {{We began to worry when we saw the deforestation. 727 01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:44,080 {{Today the destruction and settlements 728 01:07:44,090 --> 01:07:48,220 {help destroy the forest. 729 01:07:50,120 --> 01:07:52,230 {There's no forest close by 730 01:07:52,240 --> 01:07:58,020 {to grow crops to eat. 731 01:08:05,220 --> 01:08:10,170 {{There is no material close by for the men to build houses. 732 01:08:10,180 --> 01:08:14,010 {{They have to travel far to get some. 733 01:08:16,170 --> 01:08:19,000 The Indians challenged 734 01:08:19,010 --> 01:08:20,290 the social-environmental institute 735 01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:23,130 to work with the different players existing 736 01:08:23,140 --> 01:08:26,000 in the Xingu basin, 737 01:08:26,010 --> 01:08:29,290 to think about Xingu's sustainability 738 01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:32,290 for the future of the area. 739 01:09:02,100 --> 01:09:07,030 {{Today we collect seeds to plant in the deforested area. 740 01:09:07,040 --> 01:09:10,120 {{With them we plant more things here. 741 01:09:12,210 --> 01:09:15,020 {{And the leftover seeds I send to the city. 742 01:09:15,030 --> 01:09:17,050 {{Some for you and some for us. 743 01:09:22,050 --> 01:09:24,120 The seeds used for planting 744 01:09:24,130 --> 01:09:27,190 come from the Xingu seeds. 745 01:09:29,130 --> 01:09:33,130 We use the machinery available on the farm 746 01:09:33,140 --> 01:09:35,280 of the owners, the producers. 747 01:09:47,260 --> 01:09:52,100 In the past the relationship between producers and Indians 748 01:09:52,110 --> 01:09:54,120 was conflicting. 749 01:09:54,130 --> 01:09:57,210 "They came here and cut down the trees," 750 01:09:57,220 --> 01:09:58,280 that was the conflict. 751 01:09:58,290 --> 01:10:03,040 In this area, it was inconceivable 752 01:10:03,050 --> 01:10:05,080 5 years ago 753 01:10:05,090 --> 01:10:09,170 that Indians would go into the Gaúcho Traditions Center. 754 01:10:09,180 --> 01:10:12,220 Today, not only did they walk into the center, 755 01:10:12,230 --> 01:10:15,090 but they also danced there 756 01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:18,230 and were acknowledged by the Gaúchos. 757 01:10:24,030 --> 01:10:28,000 It's a huge process of social weaving, 758 01:10:28,010 --> 01:10:33,000 where the seed is the thread that goes through 759 01:10:33,010 --> 01:10:34,210 the white and the Indian world, 760 01:10:34,220 --> 01:10:37,010 and the Indian and the white world. 761 01:10:39,010 --> 01:10:41,120 I work with them, we get along, 762 01:10:41,130 --> 01:10:43,020 I don't have any problems with them. 763 01:10:43,030 --> 01:10:47,030 They liked it and so did I. I learned a lot from them. 764 01:10:50,010 --> 01:10:51,240 In some villages when a child is born 765 01:10:51,250 --> 01:10:53,260 they plant a tree, 766 01:10:53,270 --> 01:10:56,260 so the child has something to eat when they grow up. 767 01:10:56,270 --> 01:10:59,170 The Indians don't worry about themselves, 768 01:10:59,180 --> 01:11:03,020 they worry about their children and grandchildren. 769 01:11:04,090 --> 01:11:07,060 I learned that from them and I'll never forget it. 770 01:11:18,020 --> 01:11:20,010 The Indians have been in the Amazon 771 01:11:20,020 --> 01:11:21,260 for thousands of years. 772 01:11:23,010 --> 01:11:28,170 The knowledge they have gathered is important. 773 01:11:28,180 --> 01:11:34,140 So we should at least suspect and ask ourselves 774 01:11:34,150 --> 01:11:37,250 if this millenary experience 775 01:11:37,260 --> 01:11:40,020 could help us today 776 01:11:40,030 --> 01:11:44,260 to think of an occupation model 777 01:11:44,270 --> 01:11:50,140 of the Amazon, evidently facing this new situation. 778 01:11:55,190 --> 01:11:58,280 Humanity is an abstract concept, it's never concretely existed. 779 01:11:58,290 --> 01:12:02,290 Concretely, we are Indians, Pakistani, Israeli, 780 01:12:03,000 --> 01:12:06,160 Palestinian, Vasco fans or Flamengo fans. 781 01:12:06,170 --> 01:12:09,280 We are tribal, we live in clans. 782 01:12:09,290 --> 01:12:14,020 However, we impact on the health of the entire house, 783 01:12:14,030 --> 01:12:17,010 the entire planet suffers from consequences, 784 01:12:17,020 --> 01:12:20,020 above all, for us, the human civilization. 785 01:12:20,030 --> 01:12:24,070 So we must make global decisions. 786 01:12:31,270 --> 01:12:35,170 Will we be able today, 787 01:12:35,180 --> 01:12:39,000 on behalf of future generations, 788 01:12:39,010 --> 01:12:41,180 to make decisions that will affect 789 01:12:41,190 --> 01:12:43,280 the future of the world, of the Amazon 790 01:12:43,290 --> 01:12:48,090 in 50, 100 or 150 years? 791 01:12:59,100 --> 01:13:01,120 {I see a future 792 01:13:02,210 --> 01:13:07,160 {{for my people and also for the youth. 793 01:13:11,010 --> 01:13:14,000 {{From now on the future depends on them. 794 01:13:15,070 --> 01:13:19,290 {{It depends on them and only on them.